Culture of Australia Essay Example for Free

Culture of Australia EssayThe oppugn of identity is always a difficult one for those living in a culture or group, yet belonging to another. This difficulty frequently remains in the mind of most immigrants, especially the second generations who were born in a country other than their p bents. Younger generations feel as if they are forced to change to fit the kindly standards despite previous culture or group. Furtherto a greater extent those who wish to adopt a new identity of a group or culture havent yet been to the full accepted by master key members due to their former identity. Living with a different culture to our roots can lead to changes in our lives.Migrating to Australia has affected a lot of authors from Alice Pungs vignettes of Growing up Asian in Australia. Michelle Law displays her exclusion from the Australian culture by preparing exotic lunches with her mother, as well as her hairless Chinese body compared to the condition girls. Being seen as a distinct outsider to the Australian culture can influence one to change their way of life to fit in and form friendships. Sunil an Indian schoolboy was faced with the choice of constantly being bullied over his differences or adapting to the community by altering his name to Neil.Changing for others an lose your amaze in your original identity and culture. After visiting Hong Kong, Michelle momentarily feels identical to her surroundings with her Chinese ethnicity. After mispronouncing words when ordering at a Cantonese Mc Donalds, Michelle comes to realise that she feels just as excluded in Hong Kong as she did in Australia. This sense of displacement caused by multiple cultures can question Michelles judgement, Am I more Asian or more Australian? The feeling of not fitting in can lead us to changes in our life to fit fond standards despite our previous culture or way of life.Alice Pung addresses the idea of multiculturalism in her novel Unpolished Gem. Two of the themes in this novel wh ere she portrays her culture are by dint of personal identity and the impact of the past. A major influence on Alices identity was when she was a young child and her grandmother would tell her stories about events that occurred in Cambodia. In Alices teenage years, her beloved grandmother has a stroke, developed disabilities and eventually had passed away. It is around this time where serious psychological problems occur for Alice.This almost forces her into a psychogenic state in which she knows she does not fit in with the Australian culture. She believed she had to do everything she could to change that otherwise Alice knew she would break down mentally. Alice was forced to attempt to fit the social standards of Australia. The actions of adopting a new identity by putting yourself into a different group can lead to not only the new group not fully accepting you but also your original group will see you as a totally different person.At the age of 13 I played basketball for the u nder 14s side. We were all very close and had formed great friendships throughout the season. The following season I was asked to play higher up my age group. Without thinking twice I accepted what I thought was a great opportunity. A few days pasted and it was the day of my for the first time training session with the ageder group. Throughout the 2 hours of training I did not enjoy myself at all. No one would pass me the ball and it was as if they didnt want me there.To be honest I didnt want to be there neither. I decided to return to my own age group and play with my old friend. At the next training session with my original team I realized the same thing was happening, no one would pass me the ball or even acknowledge that I was on the court. It turns out I had changed as a person and found myself caught between the two teams. The moral of that experience was by trying to fit in with a new group I found that I had lost my original identity and forgot where I belong.There are a variety of scenarios that result in us trying to change. Whether it is a result of a different culture or even past experiences. masses also feel as if they are forced upon change, and even if you find yourself with a new identity or culture, you may not be fully accepted by original members of that group or culture. The power of a group however is often the cause of losing our individual identity. In conclusion the question remains of whether Change of an identity is right or wrong?

Red Bull Energy Drink Essay Example for Free

cherry-red bull zero Drink Essay* Red Bull can be called as a pioneer in the null drink category worldwide. In India too, Red Bull was the gull that created the energy drink category. * The brand came into macrocosm in 1984. * The brand came to India in 2003. Although the brand has been keeping a low profile compared to the Cola majors , Red Bull has created a category of energy drinks in the Indian commercialize. 4. Contd. * According to Economic Times ( 30. 05. 08) the energy drink grocery in India is estimated to be around 100 crores. * The market now has both main players Red Bull and Power Horse.* RB has an assessed market share of 29% of the global market of energy Drinks. * In the U. S. , Red Bull enjoys a 47% share of the energy drink market, and now has a 50% share of the German energy drink market. 5. SWOT Analysis * Market leadership- in spite of appearance the energy drinks market Red Bull is the industry leader throughout the world. market Efforts- a lot of promotions and well chumped campaigns and sponsorship e. g. formula 1 helps to expand Red bull brand and increase consumer brand awareness. * Strong , fresh fashionable brand identity. * Strengths 6. Weaknesses * Above-average prices.* Lack of innovation- there are a lot of competitors in the market and they have their own USP which leaves Red Bull behind. * Reliant on small product base- The union only markets one branded product, Red Bull Energy Drink (along with a sugar free variety). * Inexperience is only 6 years old in India. * Lack of patent on RB s recipe means anyone can copy it. 7. Opportunities * Extension of product line- this will help to retain market share. * Hardcore Advertising and Promotions. * Consumer recognition through sponsorship of sports events. * juvenile ventures like partnership with Facebook.8. Threats * Health concerns- tougher rules from government on high caffeine content. * Consumer awareness of health and well being- quite a little may start to drink early(a) alternatives as it is associated with healthier life style. * Drinks might not be accepted in the new markets. * Organic energy drinks might steal RBs market share. 9. Promotion opportunity Analysis * Competitive Analysis * Opportunity Analysis * Target Market Analysis * Customer Analysis * Market part Strategy 10. Competitive Analysis 11. Share of Energy Drink Market Red Bull 42. 6 Monster 14. 4 Rockstar 11.4 Full congest 6. 9 Sobe No Fear 5. 4 Amp 3. 6 Sobe Adrenaline Rush 2. 9 Tab Energy 2. 3 Monster XXL 0. 9 hidden Label 0. 9 Rip It 0. 8 Sobe Lean 0. 7 BooKoo 0. 5 Sobe Superman 0. 4 Von Dutch 0. 4 12. Real Competition * Redbulls really competitors are the market leaders of cola companies such as Pepsi Coca Cola, who have created their brand leadership since several years in the Indian market. 13. Opportunity Analysis * RB has a niche market is yet to percolate in the mass market. 14. Target Market Analysis * Core target market segments for RB consists of the core age group of 15 to 60.* Energy drinks with high sugar levels are more popular among children and women, while energy drinks with strong try out and flavor are more preferred by male consumers. * Recent studies also indicated that 65% of the energy drinks market consists of male consumers. 15. Customer Analysis * unripened people are especially open to determined exhaustion and insufficient energy. * More specifically male teenagers people in their 20s, are also some likely to believe in the authenticity of the energy drinks. * As a result, the majority of energy drinks are developed for and advertised to this younger generation.* Appeal to truly specialized groups, such as gamers, extreme sports enthusiasts, and the hip-hop crowd. 16. Target Consumer Demographics Psychographics Usage Behavior Consumption collection Age 15- 60 Content Image sure Influenced Spending Power Youth trends Physically Active Eat Out 25% of Indians 17. Market Segmentation Strategy * RedBul l avoided usual methods of trade, relying more on what is called seethe marketing or word-of-mouth. * Red Bull advertised directly to Generation Y , the so-called millennial people born after 1981.* Student brand managers who would be used to promote Red Bull on university campuses. These students would be encouraged to throw parties at which cases of Red Bull would be distributed. 18. Corporate Strategies * cathexis Statement * Our mission is to be the premier marketer and supplier of * RedBull in Asia, Europe and other parts of the globe. We will * achieve this mission by building long-term relationships with the * people who can make it become a reality. * Vision Statement * People Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be.* Portfolio Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. * Partners Nurture a loving network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring v alue. * Profit Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. * Productivity Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. 19. Brand Development Strategy * Great Strategy Begins with Great Research. * Once the brands core values have been identified, the lane towards effective brand proposition development begins.* Development of the brand statement- commencing a Brand development strategy. 20. 21. Brand Positioning Strategy * Clear, Engaging, Unique, Relevant to the target audience. * fitted to incorporate an element of positive emotional attachment that is better than just quotgood. * Echoed within business, internally and externally. * Consistent across multiple marketing denote mediums (print, online presence, etc). * Continually toughened within the organization so that employees consistently deliver what is promised. * Able to adapt to a changing marketplace. 22. Distribution Strategy.* Intensive distribution aims to generate saturation coverage of the market by using all available outlets such as * Super markets, * Gyms, * Coffee Houses Subway, Barista, Costa Coffee, Cafe Coffee solar day * In n Out Convenience Stores. * Pizza Outlets. * Media Relations * Use Technology * Monitor the Web * Create Public Awareness 23. Integrated Marketing Communications Management * Sales Promotion * Must encourage the 1 st purchase of the product in a store. * Make them aware of the product its advantages. 24. IMC Objectives * RedBulls IMC objective is Sales Promotions.* Create new target markets. * Large display in the Departmental stores. * Bull Hoof stickers on the floors of departmental stores promoting RB. 25. IMC Budget 26. profit Web site * Promotions through social networking sites such as facebook, twitter, Hi5. * Also, Ad promos on websites such as NDTV, zoom India. 27. Media * Ad Campaigns on Prime TV channels such as NDTV good times, MTV, Channel V, Zoom, VH1, Star World a few more. 28. Budg et * Magazine * Femina, People, Rolling Stones. * 15k per page * 12 mnths- 180,000 * Newspapers * HT urban center Delhi Times.* 1lac per page * 4 weeks * 12 mnths- 4800000 * Radio * 10k per mnth * 12 120000 * TV * 5 lacs * 4 weeks * 12 2400000 * Total Expense 31,80,000 29. 30. Integrated Marketing Communication Methodologies * How do we communicate? How do customers process information? * There are many models theories. * Thorough understanding of the audiences needs, emotions * activities is essential to ensure accuracy relevance of the * message. 31. Advertising * What target market do you want to reach? * What image do you want to portray? * What product or service do you want to emphasize?* How overmuch money can you spend? * When is the right time to advertise? * Red Bull has an aggressive marketing campaign. * Red Bull uses all the available media channels, heart cinema, TV, radio, press and the internet. * In other words the company focuses on the media through which it reaches its primary target market-young people. * RB allows the consumers to interpret the product the moments of use themselves. * Red Bull achieves this by a humorous and witty cartoon campaign, transferring the message that this energy drink helps you to escape by giving you wings ?.32. Consumer Promotions * Red Bull sponsors the motorsports or fun sports, but always where Red Bull is needed. * Red Bull does event sponsoring. * Event sponsoring attracts peoples attention towards the product and connects them. 33. Personal selling * Sampling is another very important part of the three pillar marketing system. * As the major purpose of Red Bull is to energize the company samples at the right place at the right time, where it finds its exact target market. * Examples of usage are driving, studying, working night shifts and sports.34. 35. Media Plan * TV * Still a staple medium of advertising. * Allows to demonstrate the advantages of RB. * Good Reach. * Magazines * Economical. * Provides higher brand awareness. 36. Evaluation Control Metrics Campaign Element Metrics News Media No. of viewing audience of the articles Social Media No. of people using the Blogs such as Twitter, Facebook Internet TV No. of people viewing particularly when the Ad is being aired. shanghai Advertisement No. Of Subscribers of those magazines, Newspapers Product Placement No.of comments (+ or ) mentioned on social networking sites.37. Timelines IMC/ Month Oct 09 Nov 09 Dec 09 Jan 10 Feb 10 Mar 10 Apr 10 whitethorn 10 RedBull on the Web Print Media Blogs Radio TV Other Misc.* DARE TO BE DISCOVERED 38. 39. Sources * http//www. rediff. com/money/2006/may/24drink. htm * http//www. thestudentroom. co. uk/showthread. php? t=986602 * http//www. trcb. com/business/marketing/redbull-marketing-strategy-7375. htm * http//www. drawert. com/red_bull_2. php http//energydrinks. factexpert. com/882-energy-drink-industry. php.

Influence Of Globalisation On Hotel Design Cultural Studies Essay

Influence Of Globalisation On Hotel Design Cultural Studies EssayThey are influenced silently and experience beautifully, where did it started and how did it come about?This essay is about the influence caused by globalization towards hotel names and hotels. It will focus on how Europeans have influenced hotels in capital of Singapore in the nineteenth century and the impact it had made in the 21st century. This will lead to the conclusion on what makes from each one hotel special. Is it the history? Or, is it the experience?2. Emergence of boutique hotels and highlife hotels.Since the emergence of the first hotel in Fourth of July 1793, The Union Public Hotel (fig.1.0) in Washington D.C., America, it has influenced handicraftmen to establish more hotels to cater to the increase amount of travellers. one of the causes of the influences was the feedbacks received from guests whom experienced their stays in hotels. The feedbacks and competitions between hotel developers have l ead to better and more wanton hotels. Demand for hotels has caused hotel developers just to create a comfortable and convenient environment within the hotel interior space. Since the emergence of the first luxury hotel till the 21st century all the hotels have no uniqueness since there were no importance given to create a unique feel, ambience and experience within the hotels.While the herd of sheep continue moving towards one directions competing among themselves with no other competitions, twain other sheep in the herd decided to leave the herd to venture out to explore and discover.Two businessmen, Ian Schrager and Steve Rubell, started The Hotel Morgans (fig.2.0) on Madison Avenue, Manhattan, America. It looked middling strange and unique, and was nonhing like Oriental or Hilton hotels, which had a domineering presence in the hotel industry. The boutique style was invented in 1984 by Steve Rubell and Ian Scharager, It was Rubell who came up with the say boutique hotel. He described the new business venture as being similar to a boutique, rather than a department store. The idea of boutique hotel ventured out of America to Europe. The first European boutique hotel was 42 The Calls (fig.3.0, 3.1) situated in Leeds, London, England. It was made from an old corn mill. The hotel still retains the old machines which were used, and still has any(prenominal) features of its history, such as the handmade beds, which gives this hotel its uniqueness.2.1 The influence caused by luxury hotels in Europe to luxury hotels in Singapore.In 1827 John Francis a tavern steward was the first to cater to wayfarers in need of temporary accommodations in Singapore. This was eight years after Sir Stamford raffle founded Singapore. Other entrepreneurs soon followed to compete with him as business was good due to its strategically placed geographical location Singapore was a convenient port of call for travellers, merchants, missionaries, sailors, adventurers and explorers. B y the early 1840s Singapore had 6 hotels, The Ship Hotel, London Hotel, British Hotel, Commercial Hotel, Hotel de Paris and Hamburg Hotel, all looking the same and differing only in services offered. Improvements in transportation were beginning to constrict distances and enable more people to circumnavigate the globe. As demand increased for more supply and better services it resulted in more luxury hotels.In 1887, Raffles Hotel (fig.4.0 and fig.4.1) opened its doors targeting the travellers venturing east as well as expatriates living and working in the Straits Settlements. The Raffles Hotel design was influenced by European and American hotels and design. It wanted to set a standard in creating a first class hotel (fig.4.2 and fig.4.3) as was said by the Sarkies Brothers, avouchers themselves, in their own words, A rightfully First Class Hotel. The hotel was knowing with architectural embellishment, stupendous Carrara Marble-paved dining room, culinary creativity and it offer ed attentive service. Raffles offered unparallel luxury. The Armenian Sarkies Brothers, founders and proprietors, were still evolving the alluring fail of European comforts and tropical concessions that we now think of distinctively Raffles. The Raffles Hotel was a symbol of colonialism for the Europeans during the colonial era.The Raffles Hotel went through a refurbishment sue for 2 years and was reopened in 1991 to the public with an updated style still retaining the former elegance of the hotel in the 19th century. The Raffles Hotel being influenced by the European design and offering attentive services, could be the tempoping stone for the emergence of boutique hotels in Singapore, such as The sore Majestic Hotel (fig.5), The scarlet Hotel (fig.6) and The Gallery Hotel (fig.7).2.2 Case StudiesThe first luxury boutique hotel in Singapore was construct in December 2004 The Scarlet Hotel, find in Chinatowns, Ann Siang Road. The Scarlet is an 80 room establishment which was create from a row of conserved brand houses, now designed with stylish contemporary design. The Scarlet has five well designed themed suites, whose names are Splendour, Passion, Opulent, munificent and Swank. Each of these five suites was designed with a exploiter in mind. The interiors of the five rooms were treated and finished differently based on the theme of each room. They also have different amenities. Taking The Passion cortege has an example The Passion Suit was specially designed for honeymooners. It has a insidious interior finishing. The seductive environment in the suite was achieved by lowering the height of the jacket to create an air of intimacy and finishing the interior with burgundy, fuchsia, silver and black. The Passion Suite has its own private Jacuzzi too. To enhance the experience of staying in The Scarlet, special services such as the ordering of replicas of suites and rooms furnishings are offered. The Flair, a gift shop located in The Scarlet has gif ts from all over the world which are rare to be found in Singapore itself.The New Majestic Hotel was built in 1928, also in Chinatown, and it is the first collaboratively designed hotel by several(a) emerging Singaporean artists. It has a total of 30 rooms individually designed by various artists and designers. The hotels in the ceiling of the New Majestic hotel give a unique experience while the guests are dining, allowing them to look up the ceiling into the swimming or at the swimmers who swim by. New Majestic has a vast collection of vintage chairs in the gleaming terrazzo lobby.The Gallery Hotel is situated in Robertson Quay along Singapore River. It has a total of 223 art themed rooms. Each room has its own characteristics and ambience. The design for this rooms were chosen from the Creative Youth Xchange Competiton held in Singapore by Gallery Hotel and Creative Industries Singapore.There are total of 19 Creative Youth Xchange rooms in this hotels and they were based on the theme Five walls, Defying Definitions. any CYX Boutique room and suite expresses its designers unique interpretation of space. One of its uniqueness is the one of a kind glass sided cantilevered swimming pool (fig7.1).The three boutique hotels, The Scarlet Hotel, New Majestic Hotel and The Gallery Hotel are different in terms of the experience, theme and design. The Scarlet is designed targeting a certain group of people, considering the user of the space in mind. New Majestic is designed to create a totally different environment with different design language and experience derived from the designers own theme and concept. While the Gallery hotel is designed with a common theme for its rooms but by different designers with different ideas and interpretation of space. Facilities such as swimming pool or wading pool are also designed to deliver different experiences while using them. The Holes in the ceiling of New Majestic creating view into the pool from dining area, the cantileve red pool of Gallery Hotel and the private Jacuzzis of The Scarlet gives a total different experience from one another. The only relation is all three hotels are designed to create an experience of their own.2.3 The hideout HotelRedesigning and transforming a conserved Victorian style Bungalow house (fig.8.0) at Chinatowns ordination Street, founded in 1891 by a Peranakan millionaire into a Boutique Hotel is influenced by the three case studies and The Raffles Hotel.Taking the context of the set into consideration, the name and the design of the site were derived from the historic significant of the site. In the 19th century the Chinese immigrants from China came to Singapore in search for jobs to support their family, who are back in China. When they arrived in Singapore from China they brought along opium to smoke. Opium was consumed for relaxation purposes after a day of hard work. They settled down in Chinatown which is near to their working place located at the Singapore Riv er. Chinatown was well known for opium smoking.After a long thought process and research done, I derived to my concept Intensity. My objective is to create enthusiastic spaces in my hotel. The Hotel has a total of nine rooms including singles and doubles, and a dormitory, which can accommodate six individuals. The rooms of The Den Hotel are known as The Private Dens while the Dormitory is known as The Casual Den. The bar in the hotel is known as The Heart of The Den.Upon arrival to The Den Hotel, the guests will be warmly welcomed by the interior form of the hotel. The interior walls are all angled in various directions creating spaces which are narrow and open. The lowering of the ceiling and the increasing of height of the floorings plays an important role in making the space intense. As the guests walk through the spaces to the rooms, they can feel that they are in a suggest and private space as the warm unwarranteding of the spaces are continued throughout the interior, not p utting them under the spot light. As for the rooms, they are consummate(a) in terms of finishing and intensity in the room are subtle, so as to create a comfortable and relaxed environment. The rooms have various experiences, the placement of windows in unconventional knee level and the experience of sleeping on a suspended bed from the ceiling. The bar has an extension to the back with two private lounges for guests, which is cantilevered off the building. To balance up the level of intensity in The Den Hotel, there is a triple volume space with sky light shining all the way down to the lobby.The use of ceiling height to design, creating experiences in spaces and having cantilevered elements were ideas influenced by the case studies.3. Conclusion-The Influence, and the Creation of the Experience.In conclusion, since the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles to Singapore, the globalisation of European style and culture has influenced Singapore. The Hotel de LEurope established in 1857 as reincarnation of one of the six hotels mentioned earlier, The London Hotel, was designed by George Drumgoole Coleman, an architect who was also prudent for many of Singapores finest early building, was the only rival of The Raffles Hotel. Being influenced by the European design and looking similar to the design of Hotel de LEurope, The Raffles Hotel went one step ahead to offer highly attentive service and greater comfort. This gave the edge to The Raffles Hotels to last till now, and becoming one of the best hotels in the world.The owners of The Scarlet taking another step to offer special services and unique experiences could be inspired or influenced by The Raffles Hotel akin to the way The Raffles Hotel was influenced by the Europeans.The globalisation of opium smoking brought in by the Chinese immigrants in the 19th century has influenced the concept of The Den Hotel. What makes The Den Hotel special is that the identity of opium is not literally translated into visuals, but through rationalisations and a long thinking process the concept of Intensity has concealed the identity of opium. The intensity when smoking opium can be experienced in the spaces but not seen.Each hotel has its own strength, the strength of The Raffles Hotel could be its rich history or its highly rated attentive services, and for The Den Hotel is the beautifully concealed identity of opium being experienced in the spaces while walking through it, and dining out at the cantilevered bar with a deflower in the centre.The Raffles Hotel, its influence can be visually seen and beautifully experienced with luxury, The Den Hotel, silently influenced and beautifully experienced.List of ReferencesLiu, Gretchen, Raffles Hotel, 2006, Editions Didier Miller Pte Ltd, Singapore.Strausz, Sandaval, .K.A., Hotel An American History, L.E.G.O.SpA, ItalyTan, Adrianna, Singaporechic, Hotels, Restaurants, Shops, Bars, 2006, Editions Didier Miller Pte Ltd, Singapore.

Cause And Affect Of Unemployment In Malaysia Economics Essay

Cause And Affect Of Un fight In Malaysia sparings EssayUnemployment is a very historic issue for any res publica, especially developing sphere with a tremendous population. High unemployment means that struggle resources be non being used efficiently. In consequence, full employment should be a major macro frugal goal of government. This essential issue often being included in the government form _or_ system of government or agenda for parliament debate and discussion year after year. After a extensive period of discussion and debate, it seems no ultimate closure has been found to completely eliminate unemployment.Theoretically, industrial economies are cyclically sensitive as such when it expands, factors including employment, sales, prices and profits allow for rise. However, when it pick outs, downturns are inevit fit and signifi dropt (Nazaria, 2003). When our national prudence is in recession, many another(prenominal) firms and companies are close down, it provid e cause unemployment place to maturation.The financial crisis that started in mid 1997 has prompted the Malaysian thrift. The impact was evident with the frugal reaping measured in unfeigned GDP began to slow down and registered the first negative growth since 1985 of -7.4 per penny in 1998. Table 1 depicts real GDP growth, force back force and unemployment from 1996 -2003 (UKM Juru Perunding, 2002). The contraction in real GDP yarn-dyeed the fag market place resulting in slower employment growth, change magnitude in the unemployment outrank and to a fault retrenchment. Labor force registered negative growth of 2.1 per cent and employment declined by 2.8 per cent in 1998 compared to a positive growth of 4.9 and 4.6 per cent in 1996 and 1997, admirationively. In the same year, unemployment, on the other hand, experienced a slight increase standing at 3.1 per cent. Retrenchment soared to 83,865 workers in 1998 compared to approximately 19,000 in 1997 (EPU, 1999).Table 1 Real GDP Growth, Labor Force, Employment, Unemployment, Labor Force Participation Rates, 1996-2003Sources Nazaria B., 2003 Working paper of Unemployed Graduates Pre and Post 1997Crisis.Okuns Law, stated that there is a negative relationship amongst unemployment dictate and real GDP. Okun (1962) found that a deviation of 3 per cent in the GDP will produce a rise by 1 per cent in the unemployment rate. Besides that, Zaleha, Norashidah Judhiana(2007) prove that Okuns Law can be applied to explain Malaysias condition. Results of Table 2 showed that the honour of the t-statistic for the coefficient (5.796) is greater than the critical t-value at the ninety five percent confidence train (1.96). This proves that GDP strongly depends on unemployment. Unemployment is one of the main mechanisms that can contact GDP. On the other hand, the result also confirmed that there is a negative relationship surrounded by unemployment and output growth. The Coefficient is -1.75 and it is signifi cant at 1 percent direct. It means that one percent decline in unemployment will increase output by 1.75 percent. As a result, it will increase the growth rate of the GDP.Table 2 Results of Regression AnalysisSources Zaleha Mohd Noor, Norashidah Mohamed Nor Judhiana Abdul Ghani(2007). The traffichip between Output and Unemployment in Malaysia Does Okuns Law exist? Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia,Pp.61.2 Objectives of the StudyThe overall goal of the larn is to examine the factors that cause and affect the unemployment in Malaysia. It is distinguished to identify these factors in order to gamble solutions which can reduce unemployment rate.The cartoon cultivate to investigate the factors that cause unemployment such as consumption, investment, government consumption and trade. They affect the supply and demand in the labor market. While economic recession may cause lack of job recover in the job market.Moreover, th is study also intends to develop some solutions to solve the fuss of unemployment. It is expected that this study will achieve the research objective and high-pitchedlight some important issues which relate to unemployment.1.3 Organization of Research StudyThis study is organized into 3 chapters that will denotation the overall objective of the research. Each chapter will also serve the purpose of delivering the research following its title.Chapter 1 briefly introduces the research topic Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Meanwhile, the research objective will be to study the consumption, investment, government spending, as comfortably as the trade that affect economic growth and caused unemployment in Malaysia.Chapter 2 seeks to stand the study by providing various relevant journals and articles on the area of interest of the research. This is also the proof of construe the literature relevant to the area of study.Chapter 3 discusses the s trategy and method used to collect the data. The research frameworks consist of four independent variables, which are consumption, investment, government spending and trade. Meanwhile, unemployment will be the dependent variable. Secondary data collected from Data Stream and research methods are decided.1.4 Significant of StudyThe information gained from this research will be able to provide valuable solution to reduce the unemployment rate in Malaysia. It will also provide Malaysia government with an idea on how important is to reduce the problem of unemployment rate. Reducing the unemployment rate may lead to a better economy in Malaysia callable to the increase in productivity of Malaysia. A growth of national income, higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia will then be achieved while the nations will kick in higher purchasing power and can lead to a better quality of life.Investment, indeed, brings a lot of job opportunity in the country. Whenever foreign direct inves tments (FDI) invest in the country, there will be a lot of industry set up for takings and administration. Thus labor demand will be increased collect to the investment. It then decreases a certain amount of out of work.Another factor to reduce the unemployment is finished the government spending. Government postulate to build and construct many of the facilities in the country for the societys benefits. Government motivations to spend on construction of big projects this injection of capital will help to create the job opportunity for the labor in the country.Unemployment will be decreased.Trade is one of the factors to reduce the unemployment as the working opportunity is created when two countries trade. Increasing of trade internationally nitty-gritty there will be an up surging of export. Thus, domestic supply of goods is conducted to meet the international demand. From that, the people have an opportunity to produce and manufacture new product for the trade among the countries.1.5 Research QuestionThe research question for the study would be Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Several independent variables affecting the unemployment rate will be investigated to see how actually it will influence the economic growth in Malaysia.The details of the study areTo study the consumption pattern affect the economic growth.To investigate whether investment affect the unemployment rate.To examine whether government spending affect the unemployment rate.To study the result of trade on the unemployment rate.1.6 Problem StatementUnemployment is a negative issue that may arise in every country around the world. As long as a person is involved in the labor market, he or she may one day become unemployed. Once unemployment issue is not solved, creation of problems to the unemployed graduates, nations, society and even the country will certainly arise. Further more than, if the nations unemployment continues to be severing, r iots and insurgency will be occurring across the country and halting the country trading. A significant lost towards the nation will arise due to this serious problem. Solution for the unemployment problem is a priority of the government to include in the national economic planning and policy implementation. In this research, focus will be placed on how economic growth instals unemployment and their relationship.Chapter 2 literary works Review2.1 Definition of Unemployment fit to International Labor Organization (ILO, 2001), unemployed is persons who are above a specified age are without work, flow rately proposetable for paid employment or self-employment, and actively seeking work.There are three categories of unemployment,Structural UnemploymentStructural unemployment is relate to the mismatch in skills, as well as the inadequacy in locations or simply the wrong area desired for work, and interpersonal characteristics. For instance, as the technology is improving and changi ng in the market often causes many skills possessed to be obsolete. With the advancement of computer many jobs in manual book-keeping have been flipd by highly efficient and handy software.frictional UnemploymentFrictional Unemployment is resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers. This type of unemployment occurs when there are fresh graduates trying to enter the job market, searching for job of their choices.Cyclical UnemploymentUnemployment that is attributed to economic contraction is called cyclical unemployment. The economy has the capacity to create jobs which increases economic growth. When the economy is in recession, firm will reduce production and it lead to the decline of labor demand. Thus, cyclical unemployment will rise sharply during recession.2.2 Unemployment in MalaysiaIt is essential to look at the unemployment trends in Malaysia for the period ranging from 2000 to 2009 (Figure 1). By observing the figure, unemployment rate remained modera te at approximate 3 percent.Unemployment rate increases steadily from 2001 to 2004. On the year 2001, the 911 incident, US World Trade Centre was attacked by terrorists (Terence Tai-Leung Chong,2005). This attack marks the beginning of the US economy downturn. It then affects the whole world economy to decline. Being the largest economy in the world, US submits to import tremendously from the rest of the countries. Thus, US economy downturn has decreased its import and the worlds export will decline as well. When the decline of export for the country, it will directly cause the down fall of the countrys economic growth as the productivity has been reduced .Therefore, the global economy will be sluggish. Hence, unemployment rate in Malaysia is 3.7 percent on 2002.During 2003, Malaysia was hit by two-bagger critical incidents which were Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Iraq War (Robert Evans,2003). Unemployment rate was 3.8 percent which has increased 0.1percent. There w as an immediate effect from the outbreak of SARS and Iraq War due to the large amount of inter-regional trade. SARS and Iraq War have triggered a global downturn therefore affect the world economy into recession, and lowered world growth forecasts. SARS epidemic was concentrating in Asia which is the fastest growing economy in the world and that had basically been keeping the world economy to float.Malaysia has gone through due east Asia financial crisis during 1997. Thus, Malaysia has the ability to combat and survive during the sub-prime crisis. Some efforts of the policy maker have made to strengthen the domestic economy. Policy maker has implemented several(prenominal) monetary policy as well as fiscal policy to stimulate the economy. The increasing trend and steady growth in the Malaysias Leading exponent (LI) and the ratio of the Coincident Index to Lagging Index in 2007 (Public Bank Berhad,2007) indicates that the Malaysian economy was continue to remain strong and healthy i n 2008 which US sub-prime mortgage crisis deceleration in the US economy.Figure 1 Unemployment Rate in MalaysiaSources Indexmundi.com (2008). Malaysia Unemployment rate (%). RetrievedNovember3,2009.Websitehttp//www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=myv=74During a period of high unemployment, employees worry about losing their job and not able to get another job. Other than that, workers are less willing to leave unsatisfactory jobs because it is not behind to be hired at this current period. This may cause a decrease in production because workers are lack of experience in their current job. Higher unemployment rate will also affecting the government tax revenue. It is because there are more workers losing their jobs and leads to decrease in government revenue from income tax.2.3 Factors that affect UnemploymentThere are four independent variables that affect unemployment which are consumption, investment, government spending, and trade.2.3.1 ConsumptionBased on the study by Castillo, Dola do Jimeno (1998), the result showed by victimization one cross-section of rest home per county, by comparing with the employed workers, the consumption losses suffered by the unemployed were 50% to 100% higher in Portugal and Spain, depending on the workers job experience and skills. Besides, Bover et al. (2000) found that the unemployment benefits systems in Spain are more generous than in Portugal.According to Samuel et al (2001), an increase in the duration of unemployment of male household heads tend to be connected with consumption losses in Germany, Great Britain, and the US than Spain and Italy. Also, in terms of married households, Browning and Meghir (1991) found that the husband is unemployed in a married household have cipher shares for clothing of 35% lower than the husband is being employed.There are two agents have proven that consumption suffers downfall during unemployment. Cochrane (1991) reported a fall in consumption growth of 24% to 27% during unemployment. O n the other hand, Browning and Crossley (2001) also proved that a mean fall in consumption of 14% on unemployment.Browning and Crossley (2000) deal with the effect of income cuff due to unemployment on consumption. Individuals experiencing an income shock may reduce consumption on durable white plague than on food expenditure. For example, they may postpone to buy new jewelry or to replace new furniture.2.3.2 InvestmentAccording to Harms and Hefeker (2003), the returns of portfolio investment abroad are positively correlated with U.S. labor demand shocks. When there is more investment, it generates new jobs therefore labor demand will increase tallyly. Thus, this will aid in the decrease of the unemployment rate.Erkki Koskela, Rune Stenbacka, and Mikael Juselius (2009) study the effect of the unemployment equilibrium with roof investments under the category of labor market imperfections. By showing a higher capital, labor ratio has a wage-moderating effect with sufficiently stro ng labor market imperfections, the strategic effect of capital investments. Based on this appliance, an increased capital stock decreases unemployment equilibrium if the relative bargaining power of the labor union is sufficiently strong.Marino (2000) showed the interdependency between FDI, economic growth, employment or explanation of factors for stimulating the FDI inflow in the case of open economies. The GDP growth is positively correlated with the capacity of FDI inflow. On the other hand, the relationship between GDP growth and FDI inflow is rather contrary in the case of closed economy.Christoph Ernst (2005) studied that a country needs stable and originative investment inflows which would contribute to a rise in production rate and employment, to the technological modernization of the economy, as well as the production of higher value added goods resulting in a better integration into the world economy.There is a strong correlation between national productivity and the leve l of unemployment (Joseph Prokopenko, 2000). In a situation where the economy is productive and competitive, there will be contest in the foreign market. Thus, it lowers the unemployment rate. However, investment will increase due to the high production rate. Then, it will create new job opportunities and the employment rate will increase as well. Hence, investing in a productive market is a source which can create new market and then increases the job opportunities in the market.According to Borensztein, Gregorio Lee(1998) and Yussof and Ismail (2002), FDI will introduce technology and focussing skill into the domestic firm to enhance the productivity. They may bring towards new technology into the domestic market. Thus, domestic labor will have a chance to upgrade and equip themselves with knowledge from the new technology and systems. FDI have positive effects on domestic unemployment, according to Lall (2002). FDI leads to increase the value of human capital accumulation. Labo r will always get new knowledge from new technology so that they will be able to suit themselves into the specified occupations or jobs. Then, unemployment rate will decrease, hence, strengthening the economic growth of the country.On the other hand, Blomstorm, Fors Lipsey (1997) found that FDI will retain unskilled jobs at home country when more skill-intensive activities are allocated to the foreign country. Foreign investors will leave jobs which do not need much of labor skill work at their home country and relocate more labor-skilled works abroad. This way, the investors would be able to save in training cost by investing in foreign countries which have riotous skillful workers.2.3.3 Government SpendingGovernment programs are the largest source of counterbalancing the income against household earnings shocks arising from the unemployment in the U.S. (Dynarski Gruber, 1997). Agell, et al. (1997) noted that the government purchases and transfers can enhance employment therefr om strengthening and stabilizing the economic growth of the nation.Spending on infrastructure will create more jobs opportunity (Kenyon, 1997). Government spending can compound labor productivity and also complements the investment from private arenas. Subsequently, the demand for labor will increase, hence, decreases the unemployment rate. The whole process of government spending is like a gas that can stimulate the overall economic activity and growth in the country.According to Feldstein (1978), due to the unemployment insurance and taxation on labor income could deform work-leisure decisions, and it increases unemployment rates. even if they do not have a job, they could still get the unemployment insurance to support their daily lives. Thus, this will result in a negative room where labors will depend on the unemployment insurance instead of working hardly. On the other hand, the increase in income tax will lead to unemployment because income taxes charge according to perso nal income of individuals. The higher the income, the higher the taxes the person needs to pay. Everyone work so hard to get better income for a better life and yet they need to pay higher tax. Hence, there is this mentality where they would choose or decide not to work hard or be jobless, so that they would be able escape from being oppressed by the government with income taxes.2.3.4 TradeAccording to Brecher (1974), the unemployment rate could rise or fall after trade depending mainly on whether the country exports labor-intensive goods or not. It shows under the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Davis (1998a, 1998b) further discussed about the effect in a two-country framework. If home country produces and exports labor intensive goods, then the employment rate will increase.Matusz (1996) explored the consequences of opening to trade on the unemployment rate using the efficiency-wage framework. Open to trade will create intra-industry trade. It creates new jobs opportunity and then reduces the unemployment rate.According to Brecher (1974) and Davis (1998), their study found that trade liberalization can reduce unemployment rate. Foreign workers are able to go to other countries anytime if there is no existence of the rampart of trade. Thus, a countrys supply of labor will be excessive and it reduces tremendously, the job opportunity for domestic labors. Besides, frictional unemployment in comparative advantage model was introduced to find whether any relationship lay on a comparison of capital-labor benefit across countries (Davidson Matusz 1988). For a country that produces capital intensive goods, labor skill is not in need for its production, thus, unemployment rate will increase.Besides, fair yield has been introduced into a model with increasing returns to scale and trade liberalization of trade that would increase the unemployment rate (Egger and Kreickemeier, 2009). Labor wages in home country will be affected due to the excess in foreign labor supply. It re duces domestic wages and also reduces the chance of domestic worker to get a job at home country. As for one of the consequences, domestic unemployment rate will increase dramatically.Helpman and Itshoki (2008) combined the comparative advantage consideration and increasing returns to scale by using search-matching approach. In conclusion, globalization can affect the increase of unemployment rate. Foreign workers can enter into the domestic labor market in a country, with cheap labor wages, that will result in the reduction of domestic wages as well as reducing the chance of domestic workers to get a job in their own country. Unavoidably, the domestic unemployment rate will increase.According to doubting Thomas (2004), Malaysia is heavily depending on foreign trades, the nations exports account contributes large proportion of GDP, and manufactured goods are one of the main exports of Malaysia. As Malaysia is dependent on generating revenue through exports, many problems would occur if the exporting sector stops. Mainly, it will cause a major unemployment issue that would cause many of its people to suffer economic downfall. This is because manufacturing factories fail to sell and export their products, causing them to face financial problem. Therefore, it would result in the closing down of the factory, thus, the unemployment rate rises.2.4 Unemployment Benefits in MalaysiaUnemployment benefits system is a benefit which is for eligible workers who become unemployed. Unemployment benefits consist of unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance. Unemployment benefits are available to the eligible unemployed only. The term eligible here means an unemployed individual which is in a condition of ready, willing and able to work on the go (Eva Liu, Walter and Kwong, 2000). Many studies have proven that unemployment benefits effectively smoothens consumption during unemployment. According to Gruber (1997), he found that the nations budget on consumption expend itures would fall by 22 percent without the presence of unemployment insurance. It is proven from the study that unemployment could deteriorate not only the populations welfare but as well as the country itself. Furthermore, according to Kugler (2002), a study has made showing that the withdrawals from unemployment insurance savings account cause an increase of consumption level by unemployed household in Colombia.Martin Borowing Thomas Crossley (1996) discover the impact of unemployment benefits to household welfare through the chain below. In general, their research study has touch on and included the overall link from unemployment benefits to its expenditures. As the result, they found out that a 5 percent cut in unemployment benefits level will cause an expenditure fall by 0.3 percent. The unemployment benefits as a major income for unemployed household have significantly larger falls in consumption. Also, some of the studies have been reviewed. For instance, the author review ed Kell and Wright (1990) and Lundberg (1985) studies which were the relationship between personal income and household income depending on the reaction of earnings by other family members.Unemployment Insurance benefits Personal Income syndicate IncomeHousehold Expenditure Household Utility LevelHowever, Malaysia does not have any unemployment benefits system but the government has prepared a several types of welfare benefit system.2.4.1 Severance renderSeverance pay, in Malaysia, is regarded as a form of unemployment-related benefit for both employers and employees (Eva Liu, Walter and Kwong, 2000). Those workers, whose earnings which are not exceeding RM 1500 per month, irrespective of their earnings are covered under the employment Act 1955, will be provided for severance pay. Severance pay is known as retrenchment benefits, or termination and lay-off benefits in Malaysia. The rate is paid at the following rates10 days, 15 days, 20 days wages for each year of service for an em ployment shorter than two years, lasting than two years but shorter than five years, five years or longer, respectively.Severance pay is expected to be sufficient to meet the basic need of an unemployed worker until the next job is found. But, one must be clear that, severance pay is not equivalent to unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance. recipient role employees do not need to have any prior contribution, neither the recipient employees are required to be able to work, nor willing to working or in the mode of finding work, in order for him to receive severance payment. Severance pay is made to an employee solely on the basis of termination of contract by the employer.2.4.2 Employees Provident FundThe Government has set up the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), a social security organization that provides retirement benefits to private sectoremployees and non-pensionable public service employees.Under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act 1951 (Malaysia,1951), it is comp ulsory for all employers and employees to contribute towards this Fund. Employer need to contribute 12% for his employees EPF at the same time, employee need to contribute another 11% for himself from his monthly wages into his EPF savings.This fund provides benefits for old citizens, disability and death. Nevertheless, it does not provide cash assistance to any employee who is unemployed and the money can only be withdrawn when one reaches the age of 55.2.4.3 Work Injury InsuranceWork injury insurance is treated as a kind of employment related benefit in Malaysia. The Social Security Organization (SOCSO), a statutory body, administers payment of benefits under the Employment Injury object and Invalidity Pension avoidance. The Employment Injury Scheme provides protection to employees who are involved in accident during work. On the other hand, Invalidity Pension Scheme provides 24 hours coverage for employees from invalidity or dies irrespective of the cause of death. Although the se two schemes are not somewhat unemployment-specific, an unemployed worker could benefit under these schemes. That fussy individual is covered whenever an injury or invalidity happens during his/her immediate past employment. This indirectly categorizes those two schemes, as the unemployment benefits system which is practiced by other countries (Eva,L. Walter,K.2000).2.4.4 run for the PoorIn Malaysia, under the Destitute Person Act 1977, public assistance is available to households with monthly income of less than RM460. Families which suffer from poverty due to unemployment, aging, nausea or even disability, may apply for assistance under this program (Eva,L. Walter,K.2000).2.4.5 Labor LawsThere are various labor laws in Malaysia that specify the obligations of employers with respect to the workers benefits which is mainly related to sickness, maternity, and termination. In other words, basic protection, such as mentioned above, has to be provided by the employers for their emp loyees. The principal labor laws on these bes are the Industrial Relations Act 1967, the Employment Act 1955 for Peninsular Malaysia, the Labor Ordinances of the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The formula for the benefits is specified in the relevant laws. Certain sectors have their standard cover or benefits for those who are related within the sector itself. For instance, those in the plantation sector are accorded certain minimum benefits such as housing and medical benefits the Workers Minimum Standards of living accommodations and Amenities Act, 1990.(Soh C.S, 2007)2.5 The effects of Unemployment on Social IssuesUnemployment is one of the major causes of many social and economic problems, such as the imbalance of social status among the populations or the increase of vice activities. Social problem is pin pointed in this discussion. Of many countries around the globe, Malaysia is not excluded from getting involved and dealing with crime offence issues every day. The phenomenon of crime wave has received an increasing attention and the felon activity has been given wide coverage in the newspaper and media (Muzafar Shah Habibullah A.H. Baharom,2008). As proposed by Becker (1968) and Ehrlich (1973), however, criminal activity in Malaysia does not attract the attention of the people across the globe and remains largely neglected by the economics of crime literature.Economic condition seems to be one of the most important macroeconomic variables affecting crime. According to the economic models of crime such as Becker (1968), when a nations economy is stabilized, strengthen and becomes stronger, this would open more opportunities for the citizens to get themselves involved in the nations workforce. When individuals earn their income legitimately, the possibility or tendency of an individual to get involved in crime related activities would be greatly decreased, thus, relatively decreases the crime rate.According to Pichaud (1997), unemployment can cause a h umongous social and economic cost to a countrys budget. Every problem arises would have its consequences, for instance, when the unemployed are faced with financial problem, hence, those individuals will be in poverty and in debts due to the inability to pay up their levies. The matter would be worse for those individuals having to support their family members. Once the population is in the state of poverty, they would be thinking of possible ways, legally or illegally, to get money in order to support their daily life expenses. According to Ehrlich (1973), he predicted that when opportunity cost in illegal activity is low, then unemployed will get involved in criminal as they can get better payoffs. Therefore, there are certain kinds of criminal activity are directly associate to unemployment. Jahoda (1982) has linked unemployment to family disruption, suicide, health problem, drug addiction, malnutrition, poor prenatal care, school dropouts, racial and ethnic antagonism, and othe r possible social problems.On the other hand, a study proved a relationship between GDP per capita and robbery rate. The study tells that an increase in GDP per capita is associated with a significant fall in the robbery rate (Fajnzylber, Ledeman, Loayza,2002). This result supported by economic cycles which have a strong impact on crime. There is many other studies that prove and support the statement that strong economic performance may reduce criminal rate such as Pyle and Deadman (1994), Deadman and Pyle (1997), Hale (1998) and Masin and Masih (1996). Unemployment could affect the lifestyle of the society as this is strongly related to stress management. For an example, when unemployment occurs, this would increase

Death Is A Natural Process

terminal Is A Natural ProcessAbstractDeath is a natural process experience by every being. Yet, rules of orders attitude towards conclusion and dying has buzz off one of fear and avoidance. The intention of this attempt was to consider factors that account for the gradual shift in brotherly comprehensions of end. The exploration of historical experiences of demolition identified the link between an increased sense and fear of mortality, with the impact of medical checkupisation. It acknow conductges how the radical improvements deep down healthc are retain extra societys exposure to demolition by reducing the number of premature deceases. Adaptations to the reverence of the dying are in any case associated with the prevalence of the medical profession and the decline of religious bewitch. The essay highlights sociological concerns oer the isolation of the dying, specially when direction provision is confined within the hospital environment, causing expiry to be h idden from society. The diverse rituals and traditions demonstrated by a variety of cultures were examined, along with the contrast in burial rites between the aff subject gradees. The psychological impact of close discussed the voltage of creating a perpetual fear of dying, through with(predicate) childhood complaisantisation of demolition and grief.Removal of such(prenominal) fear and misconception is associated with the vision of lenitive care. Evaluation of its strategy identified its aim to improve quality of aliveness by promoting informed choice and long-suffering focused care. It similarly acknowledged the limitations of its resources and the restriction of services to specific conditions. The culmination of all factors expressed within the essay is fundamental to the changes in loving attitudes. An increased awareness of mortality and the trust to prolong life wherever possible has contributed to a fear and refutation of death. Overall, social perceptions o f death and dying are subjective to cultural variety and are adaptive to the dynamics of society.In this world nonhing can be express to be certain, except death and taxes (Franklin, 1789, cited in The Phrase Finder, 2013).The words of Benjamin Franklin signify the reality of deaths undeniable grapheme in natural existence. Yet, the subject of death is more widely associated with morbidity than a universal biological process. Prior to the nineteenth coulomb, very little investigate or literature featured such a taboo subject. This essay go forth explore changes in social attitudes to death and dying, with particular focus on changes in historical patterns, rituals and traditions and the progression of the hospice action. Pre-modern society was well acquainted with death the event, though tragical, was encountered with little surprise or all overwhelming fear. The historical perspectives of death go away outline the contrast between such awareness and acceptance of mortali ty during the Middle Ages, to modern societys focus on prevention and cure.The rituals and traditions surrounding death will consider the burial rites associated with social and frugal status and present the symbolic interpretations of diverse cultures within society. The sociological impact of death will appraise the social disruptions caused by grief, and the positive social operate ons of death that contribute to equilibrium within society.Additional analysis of the shift in attitudes towards death will discuss the notion that society is graduating towards further denial of death. It will examine the medias portrayal of death in society, along with the desire to project and prevent death through medical science and technology. A brief revue of the psychological perspective of dying will refer to socially constructed attitudes to grieving. In particular, parental socialisation and childhood experiences of grief that contributes to a perpetuated fear of death.Finally, examinati on of the research into the growth of the hospice movement will reveal the history behind its evolution and review the pioneering work of Dame Cicely Saunders. Critical analysis of palliative care will attempt to give away limitations of the service, along with the efforts by palliative care councils and charities, to extend services and prevent social exclusions. These services, when implemented effectively, postulate the potential to change societys perception of death and the dying process.Historically, the hazard of death in western societies has bowdlerised significantly over the last few centuries. Improvements within childcare, education and the discovery of antibiotics, has limited societys experience of infant mortality and contributed to an overall increased life prediction. Premature death of children under the age of cardinal was just 5% between 1990 and 2010, in comparison to the thousands that failed to thrive during the Middle Ages, due to poverty and unhealthin esss such as tuberculosis and the B neglect Death (WHO, 2012, p19).Chronic and terminal illnesses such as cancers, cardiovascular disorders and respiratory diseases account for the majority of deaths among the middle aged in contemporary society. The younger generation tends to be associated with deaths resulting from suicide, Aids and illnesses related to drug and alcohol roast (Taylor and Field, 2003, p156). Medical technology has contributed to the eradication of many diseases within western countries but it is still to take effect on a global level. Populations within Africa put out to be affected by cholera, leprosy and malaria. Survival rates are low due to extremes of poverty, unsanitary living conditions and limited access to medical treatment (WHO, 2012, p94).Death and disease was encountered during the Middle Ages with such regularity, it became less(prenominal) feared. Historian Aris (1974, p7), referred to death in this era as tamed death. Death was experienced on a c ommunal level as friends, family and even children visited the dying on their sick bed, with no theatrics, with no great show of feeling, (Aris, 1974, p13). Religious influence was prominent during the eleventh and 12th century and great wildness was placed on the judgment of the individual on the last day of their life. A strong allegiance with church service was believed to determine resurrection. Thus, the process of Ones own death, (Aris, 1974, p36) became more personal, indicating a great awareness of existence and mortality.The 18th century witnessed the most significant change in social attitude towards death. Thy death, as described by Aris (1974, p66), intensified the horny aspect of separation. This lead to more pronounced displays of grief through a great fear of press release. The emotional impact of death contributed to a new desire to withhold the prognosis of death and relocate the dying to the hospital environment. Aris (1974, pp86-89), refers to this as the F orbidden death as traditional rituals of death were abandoned and replaced by clinical practices of the medical profession. The religious figures responsibility of overseeing the death process was relinquished to the physicians.Sociologists such as Elias (1985, cited in Giddens, 2009, pp320-321), acknowledge that medicalisation has enabled greater management of symptom and pain controller. However, in doing so, the dying are pushed behind come togetherd doors through a social need to civilise the death process. He argues the promise of death free from pain and distress may come at the emotional expense of patients as dying in hospital is both isolating and lonely. Caring for the terminally ill in hospitals became the cultural norm and was the site of approximately three canton of all deaths by the 1950s. Ironically, many elderly people are more fearful of the institutionalisation of hospitals and nursing homes than death itself. They feel a loss of identity when aloof from socia l circles and loved ones, to an unfamiliar environment where care is get outd by strangers (Kearl, ND).Conversely, many sociologists argue that medicalisation of death has established positive social functions. Kellehear (2000, cited in Howarth, 2007, p135) maintains that good death is subject to a degree of social regulation, reliant on the collaboration of the patient, their family and the medical profession. He claims that if the responsibility of care is placed in medical hands, the patient and their family can be proactive with preparations and the organisation of personal matters. He argues, in certain circumstances the patient may continue to work, promoting self -worth and a cherished contribution to society.Continuation of social roles is dependent on the nature and progression of the condition. Illnesses that cause a gradual decline in health and an anticipated death, arguably, charter less impact on society. Sudden and premature deaths can evoke more intense reactions within society and require lengthier periods of readjustment (Clark and Seymour, 1999, p11). Diseases such as AIDS can attract negative societal judgment, causing sufferers to withdraw from social interaction. They may experience a loss of identity to the disease and exact to keep the stigma hidden from social view (Moon and Gillespie, 1995, p89).Deaths caused by AIDS and suicide tend to receive less empathy due to the perception of personal responsibility. Yet, some(a) cultures in Japan view suicide as an honourable act with no attachment of religious punishment. The high rates of suicide among Japanese women over the age of 75 are thought to relieve the burden of care and responsibility from loved ones. Although suicide is still perceived negatively by western sandwich societies it does not reflect such extreme attitudes of the Middle Ages. The historical shame attached to suicidal death led to the denial of proper burial rites. suicide victims were often buried in the same mann er as criminals and the poor of society, in unmarked graves and ditches (Howarth, 2007, p65).Burial within the confines of the church was the perk of the wealthy. Those of high social status endeavoured to secure a burial plot under the flagstones, or within the walls of the church, believing this increased their chance of resurrection (Aris, 1974, p18). The poor did not qualify for such opportunities. Their burial was of little significance to the churches entrusted with the care of the dead. The poor were buried in either, unmarked graves or large communal ditches. As the pits became piled high with the deceased, older ditches were re-opened and the remaining bones were removed (Aris, 1974, pp18-22). This was common practice until the 18th century when concerns were raised over the lack of respect shown towards the remains of the deceased. Tombs were introduced to compel the dead and reduce the risk of disease from the foul smelling ditches (Aris, 1974, p70).The evolution of und ertaking as a recognised profession and business replaced the primitive role adopted by carpenters and grave diggers. The management of death and burial came at a high price as funeral processions developed into a spectacle of wealth and social status. Little consideration was given to the poor, who, in extreme circumstances would store bodies of their loved ones until able to pay the funeral represents. The poor were also at the mercy of thieves problematical in stealing recently expired corpses and selling them to the medical profession for analysis. They could not afford to pay for reinforced coffins or graves that offered protection within the confines of the cemetery. Such was the stigma of a paupers burial, people began to take out burial insurance and often went without food to maintain contributions to their policy (Howarth, pp222-242).The increasing cost and unsanitary nature of burial motivated an influential figure, Sir Henry Thompson, surgeon to Queen Victoria, to prop ose an alternative method of dealing with deceased. In 1874 he founded the Cremation high society of England and began the lengthy campaign for the legalisation of cremation. Despite continued opposition from the Home Office, it was at long last pronounced legal in 1884 during the trial of Dr William Price in a South Glamorgan courtroom. Price was an 83 year old man who was arrested for attempting to cremate the body of his five month old son. The judge, Mr Justice Stephen, declared cremation would be permitted as long as the process did not impact negatively on others. This gave rise to the construction of crematoriums and the realisation of the cremation movement on a global scale. During the 19th century The Cremation Society of England became The Cremation Society, forcing the Home Office to recognise this as a legal alternative to burial and issue cremation regulations that remain present to date. The Roman Catholic faith was also forced to acknowledge the shift in public opi nion towards cremation. This led to the Pope lifting the ban that previously forbade catholic priests from conducting services in crematoriums (Cremation Society of great Britain, 1974).Although cremation has become increasingly popular in contemporary society, many continue to uphold the traditional ritual of burial. The expansion of cemeteries within close proximity of museums and parks has created more accessible environments and a society inclusive of the deceased (Kearl ND). Decorative memorial statues and headstones are more prevalently adorned by floral displays and traditional flower wreaths, symbolising continuity and eternity.Symbolism associated with the rites of passage reflects the varied cultural traditions within society. Colour is a universal symbol of death and grief, yet there are such disagreements of colour worn by different cultures. Black has been the traditional colour to mark the period of melancholy within Britain. A torn black ribbon worn on clothing is a lso significant to Jewish culture and is worn for the first seven days of their mourning period. Conversely, white is worn by Sikh, Buddhist and some Hindu cultures, symbolising purity and eternal life. (Everplans, ND). Mourning periods are also subject to cultural diversity and social regulation, as normal routines and social interactions adapt to the beliefs and traditions of the individual.The sociological impact of death and its associated mourning period are socially disruptive on a variety of levels. From a functionalist perspective, the societal roles of those close to the deceased may be compromised by extensive grieving periods that can negatively impact upon the equilibrium of society. Whilst the habitual ritual of mourning is acknowledged by society, there is a limit to its tolerance. in that respect is an underlying necessity for the individuals to resume their roles and re-integrate with their social groups (Howarth, 2007, p235). The depth of disruption to social orde r is dependent on the number and circumstances of death and the re-distribution of roles within social groups. Historically, the effects of the Black Death on the working class society were experienced on a far greater scale through the loss of so many lives. Yet, the social groups of the upper class were able to function to some degree. They utilised their wealth and status, retreating to sanctuaries to protect themselves, whilst continuing their positions and roles from a safe distance. Re-establishment of roles is essential, not altogether to maintain societys ability to function, but also to limit the pecuniary cost of death (Kearl, ND).As Marx (1964, pp71-73) argued, a capitalist society has little sympathy for the workers, who, in their attempts to meet the demands of the ruling class put themselves at greater risk of death. The focus remains on the potential disruption to work and its threat to capitalism. Working hours lost to grief and mourning reduces production and pro fits. Death also permits opportunities for financial gain within a capitalist society insurance policies, funeral and burial costs undoubtedly contribute to capitalist economical wealth.Social mechanisms grant evolved throughout history to reduce the disruption of death to society. During the Middle Ages, when childhood mortality was commonplace, people were socialised to refrain from forming a deep attachment to their children. legion(predicate) did not refer to their children by their names until they reached a certain age, as survival rates were low. Women often gave birth many times to increase the likelihood of the survival of at least one child. Through the effects of medicalisation, premature deaths have been significantly reduced. Medical institutions have increased the promotion of health awareness to minimise the risk of death and its disruption to society. Death itself has become less visible as social systems of modern society have contributed to the institutionalisa tion of the dying. Funeral arrangements have become a more discrete process through delegation of matters to businesses specialise in the management of death (Kearl, ND).Death, though disruptive, has evident positive social functions. Societys rules of ecological achieverion allow the social roles of the deceased to be surrendered to family members or the wider community, creating the potential of social mobility. Death also functions to control an ever increasing population, whilst its fear induces a greater level of social control and conformity (Kearl, ND). An increased awareness of mortality can promote reflection on the values of a society. When death is experienced on a large scale, communities demonstrate a collective approach to morals and values. Social bonds are formed as they attempt to cope with tragic circumstances and are united in grief (Howarth, 2007, p112).Tragedies and natural disasters that lead to mass death receive extensive global media coverage. Televised ne ws reports provide optical access to scenes such as the gunfire during the Gulf War and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Despite the morbid aspect of death, television shows such as ER, Six Feet Under and House, depict scenes of death and dying that have become a part of popular culture. Film productions incorporating death as the underlying motive are presented crosswise a variety of genres such as westerns, horrors and comedy. References to death do not escape the music industry, expressly within the lyrics of rap and cogent metal songs. The description of violent acts, coupled with the murders of well-known musicians within the rap culture, no doubt contribute to the dark and morbid image of death (Durkin, 2003, p44). Sensationalising media reports on the deaths of public figures and celebrities heighten the curiosity of the public and instigate outpouring displays of grief. The term dark tourism outlined by Marchant and Middleton (2007, p2) highlights the incre asing phenomenon of visiting scenes of tragic death like the Nazi concentration camps and Ground Zero. It suggests that such behaviour may not simply occur out of grief and sympathy, rather, curiosity and a desire to connect with the event. Fundamentally, the suggestion is that society may be more open to face death than deny or hide from it.Contemporary western societies have been described by some sociologists as death denying, a result of the medicalisation of death. The dynamics of society have become focused on finding cures for illness, disease and the prevention of death wherever possible. Advancements within the medical and pharmaceutical fields have made significant progress in prolonging life. However, the involvement of such specialise medical technology is often limited to clinical environments. Arguably, this contributes to social isolation of the sick. The invisibility of death not only shields the death process, it protects the family members and social groups within society. If medical technologies and tools were not utilised in the management of death, it may be deemed as a capitalist attempt to limit costs within healthcare provision. many another(prenominal) social scientists argue that medicalisation has, in fact, enabled a degree of acceptance towards death. They maintain that the active scientific approach to healthcare increases the acceptance of death when it is beyond the control of science (Zimmerman and Rodin, 2004, p125).Scientific analysis and discoveries have provided western societies with a greater awareness of environmental risks. Natural disasters, often referred to as Acts of God, may not be controlled by science however, modern technology has increased the accuracy of predicting such events (Howarth, 2007, p77). Whilst, prediction can facilitate a greater level of preparation and reduce the risk of death, it is essentially beyond all control.The nature of death can itself be shaped by society in relation to the cultural, s ocial and economic environment. Durkheims exploration of societal influence on death was examined during his suicide study (Appendix 1). His investigation highlighted the correlation between economic instability during periods of both depression and prosperity and an increase in suicide rates. He maintained that societal forces were of greater influence than an individuals state of mind. The conclusions of Durkheims study were based on official statistics, therefore, it is reasonable to gesture their true reflection of society (Giddens, 2009, pp16-17). However, his argument that death is a social problem is plausible. It is societys response to death that is reflected in the unique rituals and symbolic meanings established to provide a coping mechanism for death and dying (Howarth, 2007, p15).The high rate of suicide among young males is one of the more significant statistics in modern society. The world-wide perception of the male as the provider may cause increased gouge to co mpete successfully for social and economic resources. Failure to meet such expectations can make suicide seem like a viable solution to the problem. The pressure to maintain the masculine role and the reluctance to seek financial aid is instrumental to the male approach when faced with death and grief (Howarth, 2007, pp64-65).Grief is considered by some social scientists as a universal reaction to the loss of human life. Yet, the subjective nature and extent of grief can vary between culture, social class and gender. During the late 19th century, unlike men, middle class women were encouraged to grieve openly as greater emphasis was placed on the caring and sympathetic disposition of their role. Functionalists, in their perception of the natural constituent of gender roles, would argue that exhibitions of male grief are a sign weakness and damaging to the masculine role (Howarth, 2007, pp223-231). Prior to medical advancements many women, particularly in the working class, died du ring childbirth. Husbands often remarried swiftly after the death of their spouse to re-establish the female role of housewife and mother.In modern day society, there have been numerous studies that indicate higher levels of mortality occur within close proximity of the death of a spouse. Objective analysis of these circumstances may identify other contributing factors that have a causal link such as lack of appetite, a change in lifestyle and the increased emotional and financial stress that accompanies death and loss (Gross and Kinnison, 2007, p372). As mourning has become less of a public display within society, Aris (1974, p91) suggests that such politeness may influence the high rates of mortality among surviving spouses. He argues that society has become less accepting of grief, causing the bereaved to withhold emotion through fear of judgement.Grief does not always follow death, it can precede it by those facing death. Psychologist Kbler-Ross developed a framework classifyin g the five portrays of grief Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance, all relating to the anticipation and process of dying (Kbler-Ross, 1970, pp34-99). Whilst these stages provide an insight and explanation to the emotions experienced, generalisations should not be made concerning the grieving process. The five stage theory (Appendix 2) is to some degree a one size fits all approach and may not reflect the multi-cultural society of today. However, there is room for variation and flexibility within each stage of the Kbler-Ross framework that may be applicable to certain cultures.Gross and Kinnison (2007, pp378-379) maintain that childhood grief is also subjective to culture and socialisation, rather than a generalised stage process. They argue that children of modern society are often shielded from the realities of death, resulting from parental fear and denial of death. Feelings and emotions expressed by those surrounding them have the potential to shape the childs ou tlook and ability to contend with death. Kbler-Ross (1970, p6) argues that children who are present in an environment where death has occurred and are given the opportunity to talk rather than being removed from the environment, can share in the grieving and mourning process. Death then has the potential to be less feared and more accepted as a natural part of life.Nurses and medical staff involved in the care of the dying are far more exposed to all aspects of death and grief than most. Communication with dying patients and sensing the appropriate time to discuss issues of terminal illness is a fundamental, yet challenging part of the role. Consequently, many healthcare professionals utilise a form of behaviour referred to by psychologists as blocking. This enables them to avoid confrontation of such issues by changing the subject and re-directing the focus onto less pessimistic issues. Although the predominant focus of medicine is to cure, the dynamics of nursing terminally ill pa tients have progressed allowing greater emphasis to be placed on care. This has been motivated by the increasing growth of the hospice movement (Gross and Kinnison, 2007, pp377-378).Evolution of the hospice can be traced back to the Middle Ages when its function was to provide shelter and care for the sick, elderly, orphans and the poor. The progression of medicalisation during the 19th century, led to the establishment of new hospitals that focused on the management and cure of financially profitable illnesses, such as scurvy and leg ulcers. The chronically ill and dying were deemed as undesirable and non-profitable patients. Subsequently, medical and spiritual care was provided in sanctuaries by religious orders (Clark and Seymour, 1999, pp66-67).The 20th century witnessed the greatest change in the provision of care for the terminally ill. In 1967, St. Christophers Hospice was founded by Dame Cicely Saunders. It was the first of its kind, offering management of symptom control an d care alongside clinical research. Saunders trained as a nurse, a medical social worker and eventually a physician. She was motivated to work within the care of the terminally ill as the general consensus among clinicians was that little could be offered to these patients. Her pioneering work within the hospice inspired charitable organisations to fund the construction of many more hospices. St. Christophers hospice eventually extended its services to the wider community in 1969 (St.Christophers.org, ND).The expansion of community based care led to an increase in funding from charitable organisations for the provision of medical specialist cancer nurses. As the hospice movement gathered momentum, there was an alteration in the terminology of this division of care, from terminal to palliative care. Distancing the association of terminal with imminent death aimed to address the misconception that patients qualifying for palliative services were at the end stages of life. Although ho spices were initially reliant on charitable funds, the elevating costs of clinical treatments and increased life expectancy forced many to apply for NHS state funding. The involvement of the NHS not only induced financial deem but also an element of regulation (Clark and Seymour, 1999, pp74-78). The influence of presidency funding within hospices has generated concern among some sociologists, who fear the hospice movement is in danger of losing sight of its original vision. The focus on professionalism and quality audits has led to comparisons of hospices with large organisational institutions, guilty of routinisation (James and Field, 1992, pp1363-1375). Palliative care services are difficult to measure as the nature of the service is to manage care and symptom control rather than to cure. Palliative care focuses on the value of quality of life rather than the medical model of quantity of life (Appendix 2).Palliative care and the hospice movement have predominantly been associate d with terminal diseases such as cancer, AIDS and motor neurone disease. Yet, there has been an increasing demand for services to be inclusive of other lesser known conditions (Seymour, 2007). Many organisations are now actively working towards the provision of services across a wider spectrum, through data analysis and interaction with government agencies and politicians (National Council for Palliative Care, 2012). A key issue is the limitation of available resources and funds to meet the increased demand. Support and guidance extends to the family affected by the illness, exerting further pressure on the service to adapt the delivery of care in accordance to the family structure and dynamics. Consideration of varying traditions within a multi-cultural society is fundamental to the success of the service (Becker, 2009).The demographic changes to society and increased life expectancy have intensified the expectation of services to be available for extended periods. Access to pallia tive care in a modern capitalist society has led to a postcode lottery. The poor of society are at greater risk of being deprived of services if they reside in damp, cold and lower quality housing, deemed an unsuitable environment for community based care (Seymour, 2007). Less flush areas of society with a high proportion of ethnic minorities are also significantly under-represented as palliative care service users. The language barrier and lack of information is a significant issue as patients and families are not fully aware of the referral procedure. For many cultures accepting a provision of care from removed agencies removes the responsibility from the extended family (Beresford, Adshead, Croft, 2006, pp146-151).Palliative care services are not easily accessible to the homeless of society. They are often reluctant to attend appointments in an unfamiliar environment, for fear of judgment or isolation. New initiatives such as St. Mungos Palliative Care Project, aim to tackle th is issue by offering support and guidance to homeless sufferers and the professionals who work alongside them (National Council for Palliative Care, 2012). St. Christophers have also collaborated with the University of Baths Centre for Death and Society, to promote services. Through the utilisation of media resources and technology they are able to extend services to non-resident patients and prevent social exclusions (Centre for Death and Society, 2012).Professor Ilora Finlay has become a modern day pioneer of the hospice movement. Her role as the first adviser in Palliative Medicine at Cardiff University and work within parliament has led to the implementation of her palliative care strategy. This strategy has facilitated the enhancement of patient-focused services across Wales. Finlay is also responsible for the establishment of distance learning courses in palliative care, achieving international recognition and contributing to the increasing number of palliative care clinician s (Finlay, 2009, pp349-351). There is a recognised need for re-investment in palliative care to develop professional skills across a wide range of services. The benefits will not only improve patients quality of life but also reduce unnecessary NHS hospital admissions and the financial cost to the economy (Association for Palliative Medicine, 2010). Arguably, there would be less expectation of society to change its attitude towards dying, if, the focus remained on the provision of resources to prevent anxiety and facilitate a good death (Zimm

Differentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe Es

The Renaissance was a time of change and prosperity. The decision was made depending on the difference of two eras. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a honey oil years of ignorance and superstition. The Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Many historians felt that the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were one era. The manage centers around whether the Renaissance was a unique age or a continuation of the Middle Ages. Was the Renaissance a period distinct from the Middle Ages, or was it a continuation? Par my opinion I feel that the Renaissance was a distinct period of change and prosperity. The world is waking out of a long deep sleep (Doc. 5) A.J. Froude finds specific examples that lead him to the understanding that their was distinction between both periods. The Life and Letters of Erasmus say that the church was a pervert place and there was no sacred teaching. Erasmus is tryin g to say in his book, directed tot the Prince, that he should bring back the respect of the Church and religious aspect to give the Church power again. These statements written by Erasmus show the want by townspeople for change. In the Middle Ages many people disregarded the advancement in nine and only thought about the world and they were not humane. Erasmus shows how humanist actions begin. In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness aim dreaming or half awakethe Renaissance we find artists who in every branch created new and perfect works (Doc. 2) From The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy by Jacob Burchardt he identifies that medieval man was childish, half-awake controlled by faith and defined by his group of membe... ... life in the early modern period. Thus, from the beginning, the double design of medieval darkness and subsequent cultural rebirth was colored by the acceptance of classical standards (Doc.1) Writers and thinkers were inspired by the class ical culture of the Greeks and Romans. They found their society much more fascinating than feudal and religious literature. They re-identified architecture, astronomy, medicine, and math. They corrected the order of the Church and began to believe again in karma, reincarnation and moksha. Renaissance men modern the knowledge of human body, scientific calculations, and changed building attributes. As the change of these amenities came a change in the social structure. More men and women became literate, resulting in the append and need for universities. Education. The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography.

Stream of Consciousness in Faulkner’s Absolam, Absolam! :: Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! Essays

Stream of Consciousness in Faulkners Absolam, AbsolamWhile I was reading Absolam, Absolam I was reminded at a time again of Faulkners particular writing style of stream of consciousness. The book itself is laid knocked out(p) very confusing having multiple narrators depicting incidents of the past, a continual theme of Faulkners identifying mans connection to his past. The first narrator of Absolam, Absolam is Rosa, the sister in law of Thomas Sutpen. She describes Sutpen with so much abomination that he almost takes form of a monster, which is incapable of feelings. Interestingly, Rosa is telling her story to Quentin Compson, the second narrator from The Sound and the Fury, who later as we know commits suicide. At the eradicate of the first chapter, I was left with many pieces of what seem to be the tragic story of Thomas Sutpen, a man who mysteriously shows up in Jefferson, manuscript buys one hundred acres of land and turns it into a plantation. We also know that he becomes married to Ellen who is twenty-four years older than her younger sister Rosa. The lowest image of Sutpen given by Rosa is that some black man kills him on his plantation. Rosa also asks Quentin to come with her to the old Sutpen mansion, because she thinks someone is hiding out there. Continuing with his stream of consciousness technique, Faulkner has Mr. Compson tell the next few chapters through his memories of Thomas Sutpen. Sutpen was in the Cival War with General Compson, and as the stories have been passed down to Mr. Compson, he is passing the story now to Quentin. In Mr. Copsons version, I learned of Sutpens marriage disaster, his immediate family,his illegitimate child with a slave, and a previous marriage to a woman who was 1/8 black, who bears Sutpen a son, which is his dream, but also his downfall. He also explains, how Charles Bon, Sutpens abandoned 1/8 negro child comes nursing home with Henry Sutpen from college. Later he is killed by Henry, which is not fully expla ined yet. I think, that there may be a connection between Sutpens hatred of non-whites, and the effects they have on his son, Henry.